{"id":265,"date":"2025-11-23T09:09:38","date_gmt":"2025-11-23T08:09:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/doctor-to-be.org\/research\/"},"modified":"2026-06-23T09:55:21","modified_gmt":"2026-06-23T08:55:21","slug":"research","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/doctor-to-be.org\/en\/research\/","title":{"rendered":"Research"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"bde-section-265-100 bde-section\">\n  \n  \n\t\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-container\"><h1 class=\"bde-heading-265-101 bde-heading\">\nResearch\n<\/h1><\/div>\n<\/section><section class=\"bde-section-265-102 bde-section\">\n  \n  \n\t\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-container\"><h2 class=\"bde-heading-265-103 bde-heading\">\nAssessment of the effects of conditioned open-label placebo, with the aim of exploring a possible reduction in symptomatic medication treatment or enhancing its effect.\n<\/h2><div class=\"bde-rich-text-265-104 bde-rich-text breakdance-rich-text-styles\">\n<p>Research in the fields of chronic pain management, symptomatic treatment of allergic symptoms, enhancing the effect of chemotherapy, support for smoking cessation, replacing caffeine, reducing depression and panic attacks, weight-loss support, etc. \u2026<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/section><section class=\"bde-section-265-105 bde-section\">\n  \n  \n\t\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-container\"><div class=\"bde-columns-265-106 bde-columns\"><div class=\"bde-column-265-107 bde-column\">\n  \n  \n\t\n\n\n\n<div class=\"bde-div-265-108 bde-div\">\n  \n  \n\t\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"bde-heading-265-109 bde-heading\">\nExperiences shared by others\n<\/h3><div class=\"bde-rich-text-265-110 bde-rich-text breakdance-rich-text-styles\">\n<p>This is where the experiences shared by those who are happy to share them with us will be collected. Would you like to try it too? Or do you already have an experience you would like to share? Please complete <a href=\"https:\/\/forms.gle\/ocoFRRdjWLFUS3aZ7\">this questionnaire<\/a>.<\/p><p>My first attempts at sharing the method with others immediately led to interesting results, two of them in fact. People I know reported the same thing: after I had told them my story they said they were keen to try it but none of them actually did. Instead of starting conditioning at home, they simply stopped using the symptomatic medications they had been using for allergies for years. According to my latest information they have not needed them since and are doing well. One of them said they thought it was all in the mind.<\/p><p>I do not yet know how to explains this, but to me it suggests that there are probably many good paths. I hope we will soon know more as people share their experiences...<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"bde-div-265-111 bde-div\">\n  \n  \n\t\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"bde-heading-265-112 bde-heading\">\nSimilar studies\n<\/h3><div class=\"bde-rich-text-265-135 bde-rich-text breakdance-rich-text-styles\">\n<p>Most of the studies below are about conditioned placebo; where this is not the case, I have indicated it. For the sake of completeness, I have also included articles in which researchers used a conditioned placebo setup but were not able to demonstrate its effectiveness.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"bde-frequently-asked-questions-265-134 bde-frequently-asked-questions\" data-entrance=\"slideDown\" data-parallax=\"false\">\n      <div class=\"bde-faq__item\">\n      <h3 class=\"bde-faq__title-tag\">\n       <button id=\"bde-faq-134-button-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"bde-faq-134-1\" class=\"bde-faq__question js-faq-item\">\n          <span class=\"bde-faq__title\">Pain relief<\/span>\n                           <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--inactive\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\">\r\n<path d=\"M31 12h-11v-11c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1h-6c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v11h-11c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v6c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h11v11c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h6c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-11h11c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-6c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1z\"\/>\r\n<\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n         \t  <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--active\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.1 by @fontawesome - https:\/\/fontawesome.com License - https:\/\/fontawesome.com\/license\/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"\/><\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n                  <\/button>\n      <\/h3>\n      <div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"bde-faq-134-button-1\" id=\"bde-faq-134-1\" class=\"bde-faq__answer\">\n        <div class=\"bde-faq__answer-content\">\n            <div class=\"breakdance-rich-text-styles\"><p>The technique of conditioning has been successfully used to relieve chronically recurring pain. In the first case,<strong> after an accident, the oxycodone therapy dose was reduced to zero.<\/strong> <a href=\"\\&quot;https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/pain-research\/articles\/10.3389\/fpain.2021.697475\/full\\&quot;\" target=\"\\&quot;_blank\\&quot;\" rel=\"\\&quot;noopener\\&quot;\">\u2028Estudillo-Guerra MA, Mesia-Toledo I, Schneider JC and Morales-Quezada L (2021) The Use of Conditioning Open-Label Placebo in Opioid Dose Reduction: A Case Report and Literature Review. Front. Pain Res. 2:697475. doi: 10.3389\/fpain.2021.697475<\/a><\/p><p>In the second case, the conditioned open\u2011label placebo technique was used for <strong>postoperative pain management after spinal surgery<\/strong> in 51 selected patients. Although there was no significant difference in the patients\u2019 average daily pain levels, a significant reduction was observed in their daily maximum pain scores, and the COLP group\u2019s average morphine milligram equivalent consumption was approximately 30% lower.\u2028 <a href=\"\\&quot;https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33449503\/\\&quot;\" target=\"\\&quot;_blank\\&quot;\" rel=\"\\&quot;noopener\\&quot;\">Flowers KM, Patton ME, Hruschak VJ, Fields KG, Schwartz E, Zeballos J, et al. . Conditioned open-label placebo for opioid reduction after spine surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Pain. (2021) 162:1828\u201339. doi: 10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002185\u00a0\u2013\u00a0DOI\u00a0\u2013\u00a0PMC\u00a0\u2013\u00a0PubMed<\/a><\/p><p>They were also able to significantly <strong>reduce both the opioid requirements and the pain levels of hospitalized patients.<\/strong>\u2028 <a href=\"\\&quot;https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/painrpts\/fulltext\/2020\/08000\/conditioning_open_label_placebo__a_pilot.3.aspx\\&quot;\" target=\"\\&quot;_blank\\&quot;\" rel=\"\\&quot;noopener\\&quot;\">Morales-Quezada, Leona,*; Mesia-Toledo, Inesa; Estudillo-Guerra, Anayalia; O\u2019Connor, Kevin C.a; Schneider, Jeffrey C.a; Sohn, Douglas J.a; Crandell, David M.a; Kaptchuk, Tedb; Zafonte, Rossa. Conditioning open-label placebo: a pilot pharmacobehavioral approach for opioid dose reduction and pain control. PAIN Reports 5(4):p e828, July\/August 2020. | DOI: 10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000828<\/a><\/p><p>Another study on <strong>opioid analgesia.<\/strong><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/painrpts\/fulltext\/2020\/08000\/conditioning_open_label_placebo__a_pilot.3.aspx\">Morales-Quezada, Leona,*; Mesia-Toledo, Inesa; Estudillo-Guerra, Anayalia; O'Connor, Kevin C.a; Schneider, Jeffrey C.a; Sohn, Douglas J.a; Crandell, David M.a; Kaptchuk, Tedb; Zafonte, Rossa. Conditioning open-label placebo: a pilot pharmacobehavioral approach for opioid dose reduction and pain control. PAIN Reports 5(4):p e828, July\/August 2020. | DOI: 10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000828 <\/a><\/p><div class=\"highwire-citation-info\"><div id=\"citation-node-356113--228165903\" class=\"highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article cite-tool-node356113\" data-node-nid=\"356113\" data-pisa=\"jneuro;19\/1\/484\" data-pisa-master=\"jneuro;19\/1\/484\" data-apath=\"\/jneuro\/19\/1\/484.atom\"><div class=\"highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jnl-eneuro-styles-jcore-standard-plus clearfix\"><div class=\"flex flex-col gap-1.5 relative pt-2 [&amp;:not(:last-child)]:border-b border-border\" data-testid=\"note-item\"><div class=\"flex gap-1.5\"><div class=\"w-full flex flex-col gap-1.5\"><div class=\"p-2 pb-1 border border-transparent rounded-default !mb-1.5\"><div class=\"\"><div class=\"prose prose-hr:mb-5 prose-h2:!text-lg prose-h2:text-main-text font-normal [&amp;_*]:font-normal [&amp;_hr]:border-background [&amp;_p]:text-current space-y-0 prose-ol:my-0 prose-li:my-0.5 prose-p:my-0 prose-headings:my-1.5 prose-a:!text-primary-200 prose-a:!no-underline hover:prose-a:!underline text-detailsText !text-2xs !prose-sm mb-1 [&amp;_*]:text-main-text\"><p><strong>A complex experiment was conducted using combinations of morphine, ketorolac, naloxone, and saline.<\/strong> They were even able to neutralize placebo\u2011induced analgesia with naloxone (a drug used in opioid overdose). This demonstrates that placebo analgesia had triggered the release of endogenous opioids, whose effects could be blocked by naloxone, an opioid\u2011receptor antagonist.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jneurosci.org\/content\/19\/1\/484\">Neuropharmacological Dissection of Placebo Analgesia: Expectation-Activated Opioid Systems versus Conditioning-Activated Specific Subsystems<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jneurosci.org\/content\/19\/1\/484\"><span class=\"highwire-citation-authors\"><span class=\"highwire-citation-author first\" data-delta=\"0\">Martina Amanzio<\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"1\">Fabrizio Benedetti, <\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jneurosci.org\/content\/19\/1\/484\"><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata\">Journal of Neuroscience <\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata\">1 January 1999, <\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata\">19 <\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata\">(1) <\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata\">484-494; <\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata\"><span class=\"label\">DOI:<\/span> 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-01-00484.1999<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n      <div class=\"bde-faq__item\">\n      <h3 class=\"bde-faq__title-tag\">\n       <button id=\"bde-faq-134-button-2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"bde-faq-134-2\" class=\"bde-faq__question js-faq-item\">\n          <span class=\"bde-faq__title\">Substance use (opioids, caffeine)<\/span>\n                           <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--inactive\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\">\r\n<path d=\"M31 12h-11v-11c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1h-6c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v11h-11c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v6c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h11v11c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h6c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-11h11c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-6c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1z\"\/>\r\n<\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n         \t  <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--active\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.1 by @fontawesome - https:\/\/fontawesome.com License - https:\/\/fontawesome.com\/license\/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"\/><\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n                  <\/button>\n      <\/h3>\n      <div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"bde-faq-134-button-2\" id=\"bde-faq-134-2\" class=\"bde-faq__answer\">\n        <div class=\"bde-faq__answer-content\">\n            <div class=\"breakdance-rich-text-styles\"><p><strong>In the treatment of opioid use disorder<\/strong>, 131 patients were evaluated using the COLP method. Although the intervention did not significantly reduce the amount of methadone consumed, it did produce significant improvements in 90\u2011day program retention rates and in sleep quality.\u2028 <a href=\"\\&quot;https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2803739\\&quot;\" target=\"\\&quot;_blank\\&quot;\" rel=\"\\&quot;noopener\\&quot;\">Belcher AM, Cole TO, Massey E, et al. Effectiveness of Conditioned Open-label Placebo With Methadone in Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.\u00a0JAMA Netw Open.\u00a02023;6(4):e237099. doi:10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.7099<\/a><\/p><p><strong>Caffeine and conditioned placebo.<\/strong> Individuals conditioned through habitual coffee drinking were given decaffeinated coffee, caffeinated orange juice, and a neutral beverage. Both the caffeinated drink and the decaffeinated coffee improved subjective and measurable alertness to the same extent. In this case, the conditioned stimulus was the act of drinking coffee itself (the ritual, the smell, etc.).<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s002130051038\">Flaten, M., Blumenthal, T. Caffeine-associated stimuli elicit conditioned responses: an experimental model of the placebo effect. <i>Psychopharmacology<\/i> <b>145<\/b>, 105\u2013112 (1999). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002130051038<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Another experiment showed that <strong>decaffeinated coffee<\/strong> also improves reaction time in sleepy individuals.<\/p><p><a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/hup.931?casa_token=z7Gtn-JDtyUAAAAA%3AKRxJ9x7duRnSDzQAKbfJ7NZlChH-b_CAMsCXU0k5ZSlmBzOnFyU9iM-X_BS43swixrk1F8fY5kQuAek\">Anderson, C. and Horne, J.A. (2008), Placebo response to caffeine improves reaction time performance in sleepy people. Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp., 23: 333-336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hup.931<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n      <div class=\"bde-faq__item\">\n      <h3 class=\"bde-faq__title-tag\">\n       <button id=\"bde-faq-134-button-3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"bde-faq-134-3\" class=\"bde-faq__question js-faq-item\">\n          <span class=\"bde-faq__title\">Allergies<\/span>\n                           <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--inactive\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\">\r\n<path d=\"M31 12h-11v-11c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1h-6c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v11h-11c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v6c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h11v11c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h6c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-11h11c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-6c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1z\"\/>\r\n<\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n         \t  <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--active\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.1 by @fontawesome - https:\/\/fontawesome.com License - https:\/\/fontawesome.com\/license\/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"\/><\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n                  <\/button>\n      <\/h3>\n      <div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"bde-faq-134-button-3\" id=\"bde-faq-134-3\" class=\"bde-faq__answer\">\n        <div class=\"bde-faq__answer-content\">\n            <div class=\"breakdance-rich-text-styles\"><p><strong>House dust mite allergy.<\/strong> Conditioning was performed using desloratadine plus syrup, or a drug\u2011free tablet plus syrup. In the evocation phase, both groups (including those who had never received the active drug) performed well. Those who had received the medication during the learning phase achieved better results. This indicates that expectations can also have a significant effect.<\/p><p><a title=\"Back to original article\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0079576\">\u00a0<strong>Cognitive Factors Mediate Placebo Responses in Patients with House Dust Mite Allergy<\/strong> <\/a> <br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0079576\">Vits\u00a0S, Cesko\u00a0E, Benson\u00a0S, Rueckert\u00a0A, Hillen\u00a0U, et al. (2013) Cognitive Factors Mediate Placebo Responses in Patients with House Dust Mite Allergy. PLOS ONE 8(11): e79576.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0079576\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0079576<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>In healthy individuals, itching was induced using histamine iontophoresis,<\/strong> and its intensity was assessed in groups previously conditioned with antihistamines (both open\u2011 and closed\u2011label). Only a small difference could be detected between the groups, slightly in favor of the placebo.<\/p><p>\u2028 <a href=\"\\&quot;https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31490841\/\\&quot;\" target=\"\\&quot;_blank\\&quot;\" rel=\"\\&quot;noopener\\&quot;\">Meeuwis SH, van Middendorp H, Pacheco-Lopez G, Ninaber MK, Lavrijsen APM, van der Wee N, Veldhuijzen DS, Evers AWM. Antipruritic Placebo Effects by Conditioning H1-antihistamine. Psychosom Med. 2019 Nov\/Dec;81(9):841-850. doi: 10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000743. PMID: 31490841; PMCID: PMC6844655<\/a>.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>An antihistamine tablet was conditioned with syrup;<\/strong> although its effect was weaker than that of the actual antihistamine, the placebo also reduced the allergic symptoms measured by the prick test.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/karger.com\/nim\/article\/33\/1\/75\/944480\/Experimental-Approach-to-Inducing-Anti\">Stefanie H\u00f6lsken<span class=\"al-author-delim\">, <\/span>Eva Holubek<span class=\"al-author-delim\">, <\/span>Frederik Krefting<span class=\"al-author-delim\">, <\/span>Senta M\u00fchlhaus<span class=\"al-author-delim\">, <\/span>Daniela Bese<span class=\"al-author-delim\">, <\/span>Joachim Dissemond<span class=\"al-author-delim\">, <\/span>Oliver Pfaar<span class=\"al-author-delim\">, <\/span>Winfried Rief<span class=\"al-author-delim\">, <\/span>Manfred Schedlowski<span class=\"al-author-delim\">, <\/span>Wiebke Sondermann; Experimental Approach to Inducing Anti-Histaminergic Placebo Effects: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Volunteers. <em>Neuroimmunomodulation<\/em> 1 January 2026; 33 (1): 75\u201388.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000549975\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000549975<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n      <div class=\"bde-faq__item\">\n      <h3 class=\"bde-faq__title-tag\">\n       <button id=\"bde-faq-134-button-4\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"bde-faq-134-4\" class=\"bde-faq__question js-faq-item\">\n          <span class=\"bde-faq__title\">Immunomodulatory drugs (transplantation, cancer)<\/span>\n                           <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--inactive\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\">\r\n<path d=\"M31 12h-11v-11c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1h-6c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v11h-11c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v6c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h11v11c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h6c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-11h11c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-6c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1z\"\/>\r\n<\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n         \t  <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--active\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.1 by @fontawesome - https:\/\/fontawesome.com License - https:\/\/fontawesome.com\/license\/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"\/><\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n                  <\/button>\n      <\/h3>\n      <div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"bde-faq-134-button-4\" id=\"bde-faq-134-4\" class=\"bde-faq__answer\">\n        <div class=\"bde-faq__answer-content\">\n            <div class=\"breakdance-rich-text-styles\"><p>\u201cPatients who had undergone<strong> organ transplantation<\/strong> must continuously suppress their immune system to prevent rejection of the foreign organ. Unfortunately, the side effects of these medications also appear during treatment. In this experiment, the immunosuppressive drug was conditioned to a specific taste. A significant decrease in T\u2011cell counts was measured when comparing the time points before and after the placebo was administered.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1073\/pnas.1720548115\">J. Kirchhof, L. Petrakova, A. Brinkhoff, S. Benson, J. Schmidt, M. Unteroberd\u00f6rster, B. Wilde, T.J. Kaptchuk, O. Witzke, &amp; M. Schedlowski, Learned immunosuppressive placebo responses in renal transplant patients, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 115 (16) 4223-4227, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1720548115 (2018).<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u201cSimilar to the previous experiment, an<strong> immunosuppressant was conditioned<\/strong> here as well. They observed that after 14 occasions on which the patient received only the placebo, the effect disappeared. However, when the active medication was periodically reintroduced at a low dose alongside the placebo, <strong>the conditioned effect was maintained in the long term.<\/strong><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1038\/clpt.2014.75\">Albring, A., Wendt, L., Benson, S., Nissen, S., Yavuz, Z., Engler, H., Witzke, O. and Schedlowski, M. (2014), Preserving Learned Immunosuppressive Placebo Response: Perspectives for Clinical Application. Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics, 96: 247-255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/clpt.2014.75<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u201cConditioned immunosuppression: <strong>even four pairings were enough to establish a lasting association<\/strong>, while a single pairing produced a much weaker effect. When there was no pairing\u2014only expectation\u2014the intervention did not produce measurable results.<\/p><p><a title=\"Back to original article\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0049477\">\u00a0<strong>Placebo Effects on the Immune Response in Humans: The Role of Learning and Expectation<\/strong> <\/a> <br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0049477\">Albring\u00a0A, Wendt\u00a0L, Benson\u00a0S, Witzke\u00a0O, Kribben\u00a0A, et al. (2012) Placebo Effects on the Immune Response in Humans: The Role of Learning and Expectation. PLOS ONE 7(11): e49477.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0049477\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0049477<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Recombinant human interferon\u2011gamma<\/strong> was paired with orally administered propylene glycol in healthy individuals. The propylene glycol alone was able to elicit the response.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S152166169894637X?via%3Dihub\">D.L. Longo, P.L. Duffey, W.C. Kopp, M.P. Heyes, W.G. Alvord, W.H. Sharfman, P.J. Schmidt, D.R. Rubinow, D.L. Rosenstein,\u00a0<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S152166169894637X?via%3Dihub\">Conditioned Immune Response to Interferon-\u03b3 in Humans, Clinical Immunology, Volume 90, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 173-181, ISSN 1521-6616, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/clim.1998.4637.<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Cyclosporin A<\/strong> was conditioned with a specially flavored drink. In the evocation phase, the drink alone produced a significant, measurable decrease in IL\u20112 and IFN\u2011gamma levels, achieving an effect similar to that of the drug itself. This was the first demonstration of the effectiveness of conditioning\u2011based immunosuppression.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1096\/fj.02-0389com\">Goebel, M.U., Trebst, A.E., Steiner, J., Xie, Y.F., Exton, M.S., Frede, S., Canbay, A.E., Michel, M.C., Heemann, U. and Schedlowski, M. (2002), Behavioral conditioning of immunosuppression is possible in humans. The FASEB Journal, 16: 1869-1873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.02-0389com<\/a><\/p><p><strong>Cyclosporin A<\/strong> was again conditioned with a distinctive flavor, <strong>both in rats and in humans.<\/strong> As in the previous experiment, a measurable decrease in IL\u20112 and IFN\u2011gamma levels was observed after consuming only the flavored drink. In humans after 11 days, and in rats after 6 days,<strong> the placebo alone was still able to produce a significant effect<\/strong> without any renewed drug administration.\u201d<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0889159111001905?via%3Dihub\">Timo Wirth, Kirstin Ober, Geraldine Prager, Magdalene Vogelsang, Sven Benson, Oliver Witzke, Andreas Kribben, Harald Engler, Manfred Schedlowski, Repeated recall of learned immunosuppression: Evidence from rats and men, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, Volume 25, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 1444-1451, ISSN 0889-1591,<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.05.011.\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.05.011.<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>The treatment of <strong>breast cancer<\/strong> was \u2014 with the patient\u2019s knowledge \u2014 supplemented with an infusion of physiologic saline containing no active drug. Conditioning was established between the chemotherapy agent and the infusion. An increase in tumor\u2011destroying immune cells was measurable in blood samples. I think this is a brilliant idea!<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21607425\/\">Lekander M, Furst C, Rotstein S, Blomgren H, Fredrikson M. Does informed adjuvant placebo chemotherapy for breast-cancer elicit immune changes. Oncol Rep. 1994 Jul;1(4):699-703. doi: 10.3892\/or.1.4.699. PMID: 21607425.<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>A study is also underway on pain management in <strong>patients with head\u2011and\u2011neck cancer.<\/strong><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/37419646\/\">Trakimas DR, Colloca L, Fakhry C, et al Study protocol: randomised controlled trial of conditioned open-label placebo (COLP) for perioperative pain management in patients with head and neck cancerBMJ Open 2023;13:e069785. doi: 10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069785<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n      <div class=\"bde-faq__item\">\n      <h3 class=\"bde-faq__title-tag\">\n       <button id=\"bde-faq-134-button-5\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"bde-faq-134-5\" class=\"bde-faq__question js-faq-item\">\n          <span class=\"bde-faq__title\">Weight loss, Obesity<\/span>\n                           <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--inactive\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\">\r\n<path d=\"M31 12h-11v-11c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1h-6c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v11h-11c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v6c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h11v11c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h6c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-11h11c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-6c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1z\"\/>\r\n<\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n         \t  <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--active\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.1 by @fontawesome - https:\/\/fontawesome.com License - https:\/\/fontawesome.com\/license\/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"\/><\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n                  <\/button>\n      <\/h3>\n      <div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"bde-faq-134-button-5\" id=\"bde-faq-134-5\" class=\"bde-faq__answer\">\n        <div class=\"bde-faq__answer-content\">\n            <div class=\"breakdance-rich-text-styles\"><p><strong>A <em>Nature<\/em> article reported how open\u2011label placebo improved weight loss in obesity treatment.<\/strong> In this study, one group received a placebo pill alongside their standard therapy. There was no phase in which the effect of the pill alone was tested, so this was not a case of conditioned placebo. However, participants who knowingly took the inert pill achieved better weight\u2011loss outcomes.<\/p><p><a href=\"\\&quot;https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-69866-7\\&quot;\" target=\"\\&quot;_blank\\&quot;\" rel=\"\\&quot;noopener\\&quot;\">Schaefer, M., K\u00fchnel, A. &amp; Enge, S. Open-label placebos reduce weight in obesity: a randomized controlled trial.\u00a0Sci Rep\u00a014, 21311 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-69866-7<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n      <div class=\"bde-faq__item\">\n      <h3 class=\"bde-faq__title-tag\">\n       <button id=\"bde-faq-134-button-6\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"bde-faq-134-6\" class=\"bde-faq__question js-faq-item\">\n          <span class=\"bde-faq__title\">Endocrine system, diabetes<\/span>\n                           <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--inactive\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\">\r\n<path d=\"M31 12h-11v-11c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1h-6c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v11h-11c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v6c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h11v11c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h6c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-11h11c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-6c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1z\"\/>\r\n<\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n         \t  <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--active\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.1 by @fontawesome - https:\/\/fontawesome.com License - https:\/\/fontawesome.com\/license\/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"\/><\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n                  <\/button>\n      <\/h3>\n      <div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"bde-faq-134-button-6\" id=\"bde-faq-134-6\" class=\"bde-faq__answer\">\n        <div class=\"bde-faq__answer-content\">\n            <div class=\"breakdance-rich-text-styles\"><p><strong>Oxytocin delivered intranasally was conditioned with a specific scent.<\/strong> The conditioning worked, but the effect faded quickly. Both the conditioning phase and the evocation phase lasted only three days. With a longer conditioning period or with reminder doses, they might have achieved a more durable effect (as seen in the immunosuppressive experiments).<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/bsam\/fulltext\/2020\/01000\/placebo_effects_in_the_neuroendocrine_system_.6.aspx\">Skvortsova, Aleksandrina MSc; Veldhuijzen, Dieuwke S. PhD; Pacheco-Lopez, Gustavo PhD; Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian PhD; van IJzendoorn, Marinus PhD; Smeets, Monique A.M. PhD; Wilderjans, Tom F. PhD; Dahan, Albert PhD; van den Bergh, Omer PhD; Chavannes, Niels H. PhD; van der Wee, Nic J.A. PhD; Grewen, Karen M. PhD; van Middendorp, Henri\u00ebt PhD; Evers, Andrea W.M. PhD. Placebo Effects in the Neuroendocrine System: Conditioning of the Oxytocin Responses. Psychosomatic Medicine 82(1):p 47-56, January 2020. | DOI: 10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000759<\/a><\/p><p><strong>Intranasally administered insulin<\/strong> was paired with the scent of rose oil. The effect depended on sex and health status, but it did reduce hunger effectively. Its impact on lowering blood glucose was weaker. <strong>If you\u2019re considering anything in this direction, it\u2019s essential to talk to your diabetologist first!<\/strong><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/bsam\/fulltext\/2023\/07000\/influencing_the_insulin_system_by_placebo_effects.12.aspx\">Skvortsova, Aleksandrina PhD; Veldhuijzen, Dieuwke S. PhD; van Dillen, Lotte F. PhD; Zech, Hilmar MSc; Derksen, Suzanne M.J.C. MSc; Sars, Ruben H. MSc; Meijer, Onno C. PhD; Pijl, Hanno PhD; Evers, Andrea W.M. PhD. Influencing the Insulin System by Placebo Effects in Patients With Diabetes Type 2 and Healthy Controls: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Psychosomatic Medicine 85(6):p 551-560, 7\/8 2023. | DOI: 10.1097\/PSY.0000000000001216<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Another intranasal\u2011insulin experiment<\/strong> paired the hormone with meta\u2011cresol (a compound present in many insulin formulations). This study, conducted with 32 healthy men, also showed significant conditioned effects.<\/p><p><a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-011-2111-y\">Stockhorst, U., de Fries, D., Steingrueber, HJ.\u00a0<i>et al.<\/i>\u00a0Unconditioned and conditioned effects of intranasally administered insulin vs placebo in healthy men: a randomised controlled trial.\u00a0<i>Diabetologia<\/i>\u00a0<b>54<\/b>, 1502\u20131506 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-011-2111-y<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Cortisol<\/strong> was conditioned with a distinctive taste over three days. The evocation phase also lasted three days, but unfortunately <strong>they could not demonstrate that the placebo alone produced a cortisol\u2011like effect.<\/strong><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0306453020305047?via%3Dihub\">Judith Tekampe, Henri\u00ebt van Middendorp, Nienke R. Biermasz, Fred C.G.J. Sweep, Onno C. Meijer, Iris C.M. Pelsma, Alberto M. Pereira, Ad R.M.M. Hermus, Andrea W.M. Evers,<\/a><br \/>Conditioning cortisol in healthy young women \u2013 A randomized controlled trial, Psychoneuroendocrinology, Volume 124, 2021, 105081, ISSN 0306-4530, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.105081.<\/p><\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n      <div class=\"bde-faq__item\">\n      <h3 class=\"bde-faq__title-tag\">\n       <button id=\"bde-faq-134-button-7\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"bde-faq-134-7\" class=\"bde-faq__question js-faq-item\">\n          <span class=\"bde-faq__title\">Psychiatry (ADHD, sleep disorders)<\/span>\n                           <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--inactive\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\">\r\n<path d=\"M31 12h-11v-11c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1h-6c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v11h-11c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v6c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h11v11c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h6c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-11h11c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-6c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1z\"\/>\r\n<\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n         \t  <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--active\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.1 by @fontawesome - https:\/\/fontawesome.com License - https:\/\/fontawesome.com\/license\/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"\/><\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n                  <\/button>\n      <\/h3>\n      <div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"bde-faq-134-button-7\" id=\"bde-faq-134-7\" class=\"bde-faq__answer\">\n        <div class=\"bde-faq__answer-content\">\n            <div class=\"breakdance-rich-text-styles\"><p>In <strong>children with ADHD,<\/strong> using the COLP method to reduce the medication dose by half led to fewer side effects while maintaining adequate therapeutic benefit.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20495473\/\">Sandler AD, Glesne CE, Bodfish JW. Conditioned placebo dose reduction: a new treatment in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2010 Jun;31(5):369-75. doi: 10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3181e121ed. PMID: 20495473; PMCID: PMC2902360.<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>A similar experiment was conducted with<strong> 26 children with ADHD<\/strong>, aged 7\u201315. Here too, the medication dose was cut in half, and the previously conditioned placebo was given alongside it. Without the placebo, symptoms worsened; with the placebo, however, significant improvements were observed. The parents and children were fully informed about the study procedure, but the teachers \u2014 who provided part of the behavioral assessments \u2014 did not know which child received placebo and which did not (single\u2011blind design).<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2007.00797.x\">Sandler, A.D. and Bodfish, J.W. (2008), Open-label use of placebos in the treatment of ADHD: a pilot study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 34: 104-110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2007.00797.x<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>A qualitative summary<\/strong> was also collected from<strong> children with ADHD and their parents<\/strong> about the reduced\u2011dose therapy supported by conditioned placebo. This was not a statistical analysis but an exploration of personal experiences \u2014 the participants\u2019 own reflections were included as well.<\/p><p><a href=\"http:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18171452\/\">Sandler A, Glesne C, Geller G. Children's and parents' perspectives on open-label use of placebos in the treatment of ADHD. Child Care Health Dev. 2008 Jan;34(1):111-20. doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2007.00743.x. PMID: 18171452.<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Zolpidem\u2011based sleeping medication<\/strong> was paired with an inert placebo pill. Although the placebo combined with a reduced dose was not as effective as continuous full\u2011dose medication, the reduced\u2011dose\u2011plus\u2011placebo condition still produced meaningful improvements in sleep.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1389945721004408?via%3Dihub\">Michael L. Perlis, Knashawn H. Morales, Ivan Vargas, Alexandria Muench, Mark Seewald, Nalaka Gooneratne, Michael A. Grandner, Michael E. Thase, Ted J. Kaptchuk, Robert Ader,<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1389945721004408?via%3Dihub\">Durability of treatment response to zolpidem using a partial reinforcement regimen: does this strategy require priming?,<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1389945721004408?via%3Dihub\">Sleep Medicine, Volume 87, 2021, Pages 56-61, ISSN 1389-9457, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.04.041.<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Another zolpidem study<\/strong> showed that even less active medication was sufficient when paired with a conditioned placebo.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1389945715008345?via%3Dihub\">Michael Perlis, Michael Grandner, Jarcy Zee, Erin Bremer, Julia Whinnery, Holly Barilla, Priscilla Andalia, Phil Gehrman, Knashawn Morales, Michael Thase, Richard Bootzin, Robert Ader,<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1389945715008345?via%3Dihub\">Durability of treatment response to zolpidem with three different maintenance regimens: a preliminary study,<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1389945715008345?via%3Dihub\">Sleep Medicine, Volume 16, Issue 9, 2015, Pages 1160-1168, ISSN 1389-9457, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.06.015.<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n      <div class=\"bde-faq__item\">\n      <h3 class=\"bde-faq__title-tag\">\n       <button id=\"bde-faq-134-button-8\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"bde-faq-134-8\" class=\"bde-faq__question js-faq-item\">\n          <span class=\"bde-faq__title\">Autoimmune diseases<\/span>\n                           <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--inactive\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\">\r\n<path d=\"M31 12h-11v-11c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1h-6c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v11h-11c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v6c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h11v11c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h6c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-11h11c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-6c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1z\"\/>\r\n<\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n         \t  <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--active\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.1 by @fontawesome - https:\/\/fontawesome.com License - https:\/\/fontawesome.com\/license\/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"\/><\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n                  <\/button>\n      <\/h3>\n      <div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"bde-faq-134-button-8\" id=\"bde-faq-134-8\" class=\"bde-faq__answer\">\n        <div class=\"bde-faq__answer-content\">\n            <div class=\"breakdance-rich-text-styles\"><p><strong>In rheumatoid arthritis,<\/strong> researchers also attempted drug\u2011conditioning. There was no major difference between patients receiving the full medication dose and those in the conditioned group in terms of disease flare\u2011ups or TNF\u2011alpha levels \u2014 but interestingly, the placebo\u2011supported group performed <em>slightly<\/em> better.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/17\/1\/110\">Mana\u00ef, M.; van Middendorp, H.; van der Pol, J.A.; Allaart, C.F.; Dusseldorp, E.; Veldhuijzen, D.S.; Huizinga, T.W.J.; Evers, A.W.M. Can Pharmacological Conditioning as an Add-On Treatment Optimize Standard Pharmacological Treatment in Patients with Recent-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis? A Proof-of-Principle Randomized Clinical Trial. <em>Pharmaceuticals<\/em> <b>2024<\/b>, <em>17<\/em>, 110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph17010110<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>This is still<strong> only a research plan<\/strong>, but the goal is to achieve <strong>methotrexate dose\u2011reduction in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis<\/strong> using drug\u2011conditioning.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12969-020-0407-5\">Smits, R.M., Veldhuijzen, D.S., van Middendorp, H.\u00a0<i>et al.<\/i>\u00a0Pharmacological conditioning for juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a potential solution to reduce methotrexate intolerance.\u00a0<i>Pediatr Rheumatol\u00a0<\/i><b>18<\/b>, 12 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12969-020-0407-5<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>In psoriasis,<\/strong> researchers achieved effective treatment even when<strong> corticosteroid medication<\/strong> was reduced to half or even a quarter of the original dose, thanks to conditioned placebo methods.<\/p><div class=\"citation-text margin-bottom-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC2850283\/\">Ader R, Mercurio MG, Walton J, James D, Davis M, Ojha V, Kimball AB, Fiorentino D. Conditioned pharmacotherapeutic effects: a preliminary study. Psychosom Med. 2010 Feb;72(2):192-7. doi: 10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181cbd38b. Epub 2009 Dec 22. PMID: 20028830; PMCID: PMC2850283.<\/a><\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div><strong>In Multiple Sclerosis,<\/strong> researchers conditioned the<strong> immunosuppressive drug cyclophosphamide.<\/strong> In 8 out of 10 patients, leukocyte counts dropped even when only the conditioned placebo was given.<\/div><div><p><a href=\"https:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1176\/jnp.8.2.194\">Conditioning of cyclophosphamide-induced leukopenia in humans, The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences volume = 8, number = 2, pages = 194-201, 1996, doi = 10.1176\/jnp.8.2.194<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n      <div class=\"bde-faq__item\">\n      <h3 class=\"bde-faq__title-tag\">\n       <button id=\"bde-faq-134-button-9\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"bde-faq-134-9\" class=\"bde-faq__question js-faq-item\">\n          <span class=\"bde-faq__title\">Long\u2011term effects<\/span>\n                           <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--inactive\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\">\r\n<path d=\"M31 12h-11v-11c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1h-6c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v11h-11c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v6c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h11v11c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h6c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-11h11c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-6c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1z\"\/>\r\n<\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n         \t  <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--active\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.1 by @fontawesome - https:\/\/fontawesome.com License - https:\/\/fontawesome.com\/license\/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"\/><\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n                  <\/button>\n      <\/h3>\n      <div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"bde-faq-134-button-9\" id=\"bde-faq-134-9\" class=\"bde-faq__answer\">\n        <div class=\"bde-faq__answer-content\">\n            <div class=\"breakdance-rich-text-styles\"><p>The two studies below used <em>open\u2011label placebo<\/em> (OLP), not conditioned open\u2011label placebo (COLP). Even so, they show something remarkable: placebo effects can persist for <em>years<\/em>.\u201d<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>A three\u2011week open\u2011label placebo (OLP) treatment<\/strong> showed long\u2011term benefits \u2014 even <strong>three years later,<\/strong> patients reported lower perceived pain compared to those who never received OLP.\u2028<\/p><p><a href=\"\\&quot;https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC9916047\/\\&quot;\" target=\"\\&quot;_blank\\&quot;\" rel=\"\\&quot;noopener\\&quot;\">Kleine-Borgmann J, Dietz TN, Schmidt K, Bingel U. No long-term effects after a 3-week open-label placebo treatment for chronic low back pain: a 3-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2023 Mar 1;164(3):645-652. doi: 10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002752. Epub 2022 Aug 10. PMID: 35947884; PMCID: PMC9916047<\/a>.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>In a five\u2011year follow\u2011up,<\/strong> patients who had received a three\u2011week open\u2011label placebo (OLP) treatment showed <em>continued and even further<\/em> reductions in medication use: \u2013 painkillers dropped from 87% to 38% \u2013 combination drugs containing analgesics dropped from 80% to 31% \u2013 antidepressants from 24% to 11% \u2013 benzodiazepines from 15% to 5% Meanwhile, the control group\u2019s need for painkillers <em>increased<\/em> from 18% to 29%.<\/p><p><a href=\"\\&quot;https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/pain\/abstract\/2021\/05000\/open_label_placebo_for_chronic_low_back_pain__a.23.aspx\\&quot;\" target=\"\\&quot;_blank\\&quot;\" rel=\"\\&quot;noopener\\&quot;\">Carvalho, Claudiaa,*; Pais, Mariab; Cunha, Lidiac; Rebouta, Paulac; Kaptchuk, Ted J.d; Kirsch, Irvingd. Open-label placebo for chronic low back pain: a 5-year follow-up. PAIN 162(5):p 1521-1527, May 2021. | DOI: 10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002162<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n      <div class=\"bde-faq__item\">\n      <h3 class=\"bde-faq__title-tag\">\n       <button id=\"bde-faq-134-button-10\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"bde-faq-134-10\" class=\"bde-faq__question js-faq-item\">\n          <span class=\"bde-faq__title\">Other<\/span>\n                           <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--inactive\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\">\r\n<path d=\"M31 12h-11v-11c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1h-6c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v11h-11c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v6c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h11v11c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h6c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-11h11c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-6c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1z\"\/>\r\n<\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n         \t  <div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"bde-faq__icon bde-faq__icon--active\">\n                                <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.1 by @fontawesome - https:\/\/fontawesome.com License - https:\/\/fontawesome.com\/license\/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"\/><\/svg>\n                            <\/div>\n                  <\/button>\n      <\/h3>\n      <div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"bde-faq-134-button-10\" id=\"bde-faq-134-10\" class=\"bde-faq__answer\">\n        <div class=\"bde-faq__answer-content\">\n            <div class=\"breakdance-rich-text-styles\"><p><strong>Here is another article discussing the effects of placebo and conditioning.\u2028<\/strong><\/p><p><a href=\"\\&quot;https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15990450\/\\&quot;\" target=\"\\&quot;_blank\\&quot;\" rel=\"\\&quot;noopener\\&quot;\">Haour F. Mechanisms of the placebo effect and of conditioning. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2005;12(4):195-200. doi: 10.1159\/000085651. PMID: 15990450<\/a>.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>In the pain\u2011relief studies we saw that opioids can be strongly conditioned. This raises an<strong> interesting ethical question<\/strong>: if conditioning (without the drug) increases pain tolerance and enhances performance, does this <strong>count as doping in sports competitions?<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"highwire-citation-info\"><div id=\"citation-node-367071--21669390441\" class=\"highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article cite-tool-node367071\" data-node-nid=\"367071\" data-pisa=\"jneuro;27\/44\/11934\" data-pisa-master=\"jneuro;27\/44\/11934\" data-apath=\"\/jneuro\/27\/44\/11934.atom\"><div class=\"highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jnl-eneuro-styles-jcore-standard-plus clearfix\"><div class=\"highwire-cite-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jneurosci.org\/content\/27\/44\/11934\">Opioid-Mediated Placebo Responses Boost Pain Endurance and Physical Performance: Is It Doping in Sport Competitions?<\/a><\/div><div class=\"highwire-cite-authors\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jneurosci.org\/content\/27\/44\/11934\"><span class=\"highwire-citation-authors\"><span class=\"highwire-citation-author first\" data-delta=\"0\">Fabrizio Benedetti<\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"1\">Antonella Pollo<\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"2\">Luana Colloca<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"highwire-cite-metadata\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jneurosci.org\/content\/27\/44\/11934\"><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata\">Journal of Neuroscience <\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata\">31 October 2007, <\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata\">27 <\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata\">(44) <\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata\">11934-11939; <\/span><\/a><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata\"><span class=\"label\">DOI:<\/span> 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3330-07.2007 <\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div>Participants received an<strong> interferon\u2011beta\u20111a injection<\/strong> paired with a specially flavored drink, but <strong>only once.<\/strong> Eight days later they were given a saline injection together with the same drink. This single learning trial <strong>did not produce any measurable conditioned effect.<\/strong>\u201d<\/div><div><div class=\"citation-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15885259\/\">Goebel MU, H\u00fcbell D, Kou W, Janssen OE, Katsarava Z, Limmroth V, Schedlowski M. Behavioral conditioning with interferon beta-1a in humans. Physiol Behav. 2005 Apr 13;84(5):807-14. doi: 10.1016\/j.physbeh.2005.03.021. Epub 2005 Apr 26. PMID: 15885259.<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  \n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"bde-column-265-114 bde-column\">\n  \n  \n\t\n\n\n\n<div class=\"bde-globalblock-265-133 bde-globalblock\"><div class=\"bde-div-295-100-295-1 bde-div bde-div-295-100\">\n  \n  \n\t\n\n\n\n<div class=\"bde-div-295-101-295-1 bde-div bde-div-295-101\">\n  \n  \n\t\n\n\n\n<div class=\"bde-div-295-102-295-1 bde-div bde-div-295-102\">\n  \n  \n\t\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"bde-image2-295-103-295-1 bde-image2 bde-image2-295-103\" src=\"https:\/\/doctor-to-be.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Heart-150x150.png\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/doctor-to-be.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Heart-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/doctor-to-be.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Heart-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\"><h4 class=\"bde-heading-295-104-295-1 bde-heading bde-heading-295-104\">\nSupport a medical student\n<\/h4><div class=\"bde-text-295-105-295-1 bde-text bde-text-295-105\">\nWould you like to turn a small amount into something good?<br>Support a dream becoming reality and help others heal! Every little helps.\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"bde-button-295-106-295-1 bde-button bde-button-295-106\">\n        \n    \n    \n    \n    \n            \n                    \n            \n            \n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    <a class=\"breakdance-link button-atom button-atom--secondary bde-button__button\" href=\"\/tamogatas\/\" target=\"_self\" data-type=\"url\"  >\n\n    \n        <span class=\"button-atom__text\">I want to help too!<\/span>\n\n        \n        \n                <\/a>\n\n    \n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"bde-div-295-107-295-1 bde-div bde-div-295-107\">\n  \n  \n\t\n\n\n\n<div class=\"bde-div-295-108-295-1 bde-div bde-div-295-108\">\n  \n  \n\t\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"bde-image2-295-109-295-1 bde-image2 bde-image2-295-109\" src=\"https:\/\/doctor-to-be.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Light-bulb-150x150.png\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/doctor-to-be.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Light-bulb.png 624w, https:\/\/doctor-to-be.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Light-bulb-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/doctor-to-be.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Light-bulb-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\"><h4 class=\"bde-heading-295-110-295-1 bde-heading bde-heading-295-110\">\nNeed a little inspiration?\nMedical school after 40\n<\/h4><div class=\"bde-text-295-111-295-1 bde-text bde-text-295-111\">\nI also share occasional small newsletters about my medical school studies.\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"bde-button-295-112-295-1 bde-button bde-button-295-112\">\n        \n    \n    \n    \n    \n            \n                    \n            \n            \n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    <a class=\"breakdance-link button-atom button-atom--secondary bde-button__button\" href=\"\/kapcsolat\/\" target=\"_self\" data-type=\"url\"  >\n\n    \n        <span class=\"button-atom__text\">Subscribe to the newsletter<\/span>\n\n        \n        \n                <\/a>\n\n    \n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"bde-div-295-113-295-1 bde-div bde-div-295-113\">\n  \n  \n\t\n\n\n\n<div class=\"bde-div-295-114-295-1 bde-div bde-div-295-114\">\n  \n  \n\t\n\n\n\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"bde-image2-295-115-295-1 bde-image2 bde-image2-295-115\" src=\"https:\/\/doctor-to-be.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Gift-Box-with-Ribbon-150x150.png\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/doctor-to-be.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Gift-Box-with-Ribbon.png 624w, https:\/\/doctor-to-be.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Gift-Box-with-Ribbon-300x263.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\"><h4 class=\"bde-heading-295-116-295-1 bde-heading bde-heading-295-116\">\nA little book as a gift, from me to you\n<\/h4><div class=\"bde-text-295-117-295-1 bde-text bde-text-295-117\">\nDuring my 2,000 hours as a volunteer emergency medical technician, I wrote down the beautiful, exciting, frightening, and painful experiences I had in the form of 50-word stories.\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"bde-button-295-118-295-1 bde-button bde-button-295-118\">\n        \n    \n    \n    \n    \n            \n                    \n            \n            \n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    <a class=\"breakdance-link button-atom button-atom--secondary bde-button__button\" href=\"\/ajandek-konyv\/\" target=\"_self\" data-type=\"url\"  >\n\n    \n        <span class=\"button-atom__text\">Continue<\/span>\n\n        \n        \n                <\/a>\n\n    \n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section><div class=\"bde-globalblock-265-140 bde-globalblock\"><section class=\"bde-section-231-100-231-1 bde-section bde-section-231-100\">\n  \n  \n\t\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-container\"><div class=\"bde-button-231-101-231-1 bde-button bde-button-231-101\">\n        \n              \n    \n    \n    \n            \n                    \n            \n                           \n                       \n                 \n\n    \n    \n              \n                    \n    \n    <a class=\"breakdance-link button-atom button-atom--primary bde-button__button\" href=\"#\" target=\"_self\" data-type=\"action\"  id=\"information\" data-action='{\"type\":\"popup\",\"popupOptions\":{\"popupId\":\"81\",\"popupAction\":\"open\"}}' >\n\n    \n        <span class=\"button-atom__text\">Figyelmeztet\u00e9s<\/span>\n\n        \n        \n                <\/a>\n\n    \n\n\n<\/div><div class=\"bde-code-block-231-102-231-1 bde-code-block bde-code-block-231-102\">\n\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/section><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research Assessment of the effects of conditioned open-label placebo, with the aim of exploring a possible reduction in symptomatic medication treatment or enhancing its effect. Research in the fields of chronic pain management, symptomatic treatment of allergic symptoms, enhancing the effect of chemotherapy, support for smoking cessation, replacing caffeine, reducing depression and panic attacks, weight-loss [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_breakdance_hide_in_design_set":false,"_breakdance_tags":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-265","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.1 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Research - doctobe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"COLP research by Gergely PAPP: experiences and options for supporting medication effects, pain relief, allergy care and lifestyle change.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/doctor-to-be.org\/en\/research\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"COLP research by Gergely PAPP: experiences and options for supporting medication effects, pain relief, allergy care and lifestyle change.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/doctor-to-be.org\/en\/research\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"doctobe\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-06-23T08:55:21+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/doctor-to-be.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/20250404-PTE-AOK-Alumni-Magazin-portre-Papp-Gergely-11424347-csortos-szabolcs-.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"2400\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"19 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/doctor-to-be.org\\\/en\\\/research\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/doctor-to-be.org\\\/en\\\/research\\\/\",\"name\":\"Research - 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